高二英语Gettingampnbspalongampnbsp

　　grammar：动词不定式一不定式的五种基本形式
　　主动
　　被动
　　一般式
　　todo
　　tobedone
　　完成式
　　tohavedone
　　tohavebeendone
　　进行式
　　tobedoing不定式的否定形式：nottodonottohavedonenottobedoingnottobedonenottohavebeendone不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式不定式的进行式由tobeving构成，用来表示谓语动词动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行。eg。somestudentspretended（read）englishwhentheteachercamein。不定式完成式由tohaveved构成，用来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。eg。isbobstillperforming？i’mafraidnot。heissaid（leave）thestagealreadyashehasbecomeanofficial。不定式的被动式分为一般式被动tobeved和完成式被动tohavebeenved。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动语态。eg。itisanhonourforme（invite）totheparty。thebookissaid（translate）intomanylanguages。allthesegiftsmustbemailedimmediatelyintimeforchristmas。a。inordertohavereceivedb。inordertoreceivec。soastobereceivedd。soastobereceiving二。不定式句法功能1。作主语：tofindatruefriendisdifficult。不定式短语作主语时，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情况下，尤其是在疑问句和感叹句中，往往放在谓语之后，而用先行代词it作形式主语itisdifficulttofindatruefriend。isitdifficulttofindatruefriend？howdifficultitistofindatruefriend！不定式作主语常见句型：a）itisadj。（easy，important，difficult）todosth。b）itisn。（apity，apleasure，one’sduty，ashame）todosth。eg。it’sapleasuretogoshoppingatweekends。c）ittakesneedsrequiressometime（hours，months，days，patience）todosth。eg。itrequirespatiencetobeagoodteacher。2。作表语：当句子的主语是aim，idea，policy，question，suggestion，wish，task，duty，job，purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时，后面可以用不定式做表语，用以说明主语所包含内容。eg。ourmostimportanttasknowistomakeaplan。注：作表语的不定式都带to，但当主语部分有实义动词do时，to可以省略。eg。theonlythingwecandonowiswaitandsee。3。作宾语theteachersaidremembertobringthebooktomorrow！a）可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：agree，afford，tend，ask，decide，determine，expect，fail，hope，learn，intend，manage，offer，plan，promise，refuse，want，wish等当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语动词it补语todo句式，常用动词有feel，think，find，believe，consider，make等。如：hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor。ithinkitdifficulttofindatruefriend。b）不定式一般不作介词的宾语，只有少数介词如but，except等后面可以跟不定式作宾语。一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都带to，如果but或except前面有do，does，did，todo时，通常省略to。eg。thebushadn’tcome。wehadnochoicebuttowait。wecoulddonothingbutwait。4。宾语补足语在主语谓语宾语宾补句型中，许多动词都可以接不定式作宾语补足语。a）通常作宾语补语的不定式要带to，常用于以下动词之后：ask，tell，advise，allow，permit，enable，expect，force，get，like，order，teach，want，invite，wish，beg等youshouldgetthemtohelpyou。在谓语动词believe，find，think，feel，consider，suppose，imagine，prove等后面跟tobe作宾补，不跟todo，有时tobe可省略weallbelievejohn（tobe）honest。
　　iconsiderhim（tobe）oneofthebestteachersofno。1middleschool。
　　但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：weconsiderhimtohavebeenfoolish。b）以下两类动词后跟不定式作宾补时不能带to使役动词，如：let，have，make等感官动词，如：see，watch，notice，lookat，listento，hear，feel，等don’tletthechildrentroubleyou。iheardsomeoneopenthedoor。但当这两类动词为被动态时，不定式就成了主补。作主补的不定式必须加上tohisfathermadehimgotobedearly。hewasmadetogotobedearlybyhisfather。动词不定式省略to的情况还有：a）wouldrather，hadbetter，whynotdoiwouldrathergoswimming。youhadbettertidyyourbedroom。whynotvisityourcousininjapan？b）当两个动词不定式由and，or，except，but，than，ratherthan相连接时，通常情况下第二个to要省略doyouwanttogoshoppingorwatchafilm？idecidedtowriteratherthanphone。wehadnothingtodobutwatchtv。wehadnochoicebuttowatchtv。（注：一般情况下作介词but，except后接todo，但是如果but或except前面有do，does，did，todo时，通常省略to。）5。作定语不定式可以在句子充当后置定语，修饰名词。以下几类情况常用不定式作定语：能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语。常见的有attempt，decision，promise，plan等eg。hehasn’tkepthispromisetowritetohisparentsregularly。常与不定式搭配的形容词，其同源名词一般可以用不定式作定语。常见的有ability，determination，anxiety，eagerness等eg。hiseagernesstofinishhishomeworkwasquiteclear。序数词、形容词最高级或被only，last，next等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语：shewastheonlypersontosurviveaftertheearthquake。（tips：不定式在作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词有意义上的主谓关系、同位关系、动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词，它后面需要加上适当介词。）eg。he’salwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave。主谓关系i’venotimetolistentoyourexcuse。同位关系shehasameetingtoattend。（动宾关系attendameeting）there’snothingtoworryabout。（动宾关系worryaboutnothing）6。作状语作目的状语
　　（1）istayedtheretoseewhatwouldhappen。
　　henryhasdecidedtogotothehospitaltobeexaminedbythedoctor。
　　（2）有时为了强调，不定式前可加inorder或soas。如：
　　bobtookdownmytelephonenumbersoas（inorder）nottoforgetit。
　　有时为强调目的状语可把inorderto或不定式置于句首，但soasto不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为sothat，inorderthat，成为目的状语从句，如：istayedthereinorder（soas）toseewhatwouldhappen。istayedtheresothat（inorderthat）icouldseewhatwouldhappen。
　　作原因状语在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished，glad，happy，laugh，pleased，sad，smile，sorry，surprised等。
　　wearegladtohearthenews。
　　iwassurprisedtoseethatathreeyearoldbabycouldwritesowell。
　　在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语如：thequestionraisedbythestudentisdifficulttoanswer。
　　theroomisreallycomfortabletolivein。
　　常这样用的形容词有：easy，difficult，heavy，light，comfortable，fit，impossible等。
　　作结果状语wecamehomeafterourholidaytofindourgardenneatandtidy。
　　不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如：
　　soasto；suchasto
　　imnotsostupid（afool）astoputitinwriting。我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。
　　imnotsuchastupidfoolastoputitinwriting。
　　enoughto
　　theboyisn’toldenoughtogotoschool。theboyistooyoungtogotoschool。
　　onlyto用于表示意想不到的结果
　　janehurriedbackonlytofindhermotherdyinginthehospital。
　　tooto
　　imtootiredtostayuplonger。
　　但在下列结构中，tooto并非是太而不能之意。如：
　　imonlytoogladtohavepassedtheexam。考试及格我太高兴了。（too修饰gladtohave，相当于very）
　　wehavetoomuchtolearn。我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。
　　4。不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如：
　　totellthetruth，theplaywasagreatdisappointmenttome。
　　常见的短语有tobeexact（确切地说），tobeginwith（首先），todohimjustice（说句对他公道的话），tobesure（真的）等等。eg。totellyouthetruth，idislikeyou。7。作同位语eg。theordertostartthegeneralattacksooncame。不定式的复合结构，以it为形式主语或形式宾语引导的复合结构，如果其前的形容词是指行为的性质就用：forsb。todosth。这种复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。itisnecessaryformetolearnenglishwell。如果该形容词是指行为的性质，同时又指行为的人，则用ofsb。todosth。。这种句式中的常用形容词有：right，wrong，brave，careful，careless，clever，wise，stupid，cruel，foolish，good，honest，kind，nice，silly等。eg。it’sverykindofyoutocometoseeme。连接代（副）词不定式（包括whether，what，which，whom，where，when，how，不包括why），在句中起名词的作用，通常跟在诸如tell，know，show，decide，learn，wonder，explain等动词后作宾语，也可作主语或表语。eg。noonecantellmewheretofindjohn。whentostarttheexamisstillunknown。theproblemishowtogetenoughmoney。
　　动词不定式巩固练习1。iveworkedwithchildrenbefore，soiknowwhatinmynewjob。aexpectedbtoexpectctobeexpectingdexpects2。lateinthemorning，bobturnedoffthealarm。atosleepbsleepingcsleepdhavingslept3。onelearnsalanguagebymakingmistakesandthem。acorrectbcorrectingccorrectsdtocorrect4。themotherdidntknowtoblameforthebrokenglassasithappenedwhileshewasout。whowhenhowwhat5。havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple，butitremainswhethertheywillenjoyit。toseetobeseenseeingseen6。itissaidinaustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows。itwhattodowithwhattodoitwithwhattodowithittodowhatwithit7。howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers？
　　thekeytheproblemistomeetthedemandbythecustomers。
　　a。tosolving；makingb。tosolving；made
　　c。tosolve；makingd。tosolve；made8。theteacheraskedussomuchnoise。a。don’tmakeb。notmakec。notmakingd。nottomake9。myadvisorencouragedasummercoursetoimprovemywritingskills。aformetakingbmetakingcformetotakedmetotake10。themaninsistedataxiformeeventhoughitoldhimilivednearby。a。findb。tofindc。onfindingd。infinding11。thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport，onlythefilmstarshadleft。atotellbtobetoldctellingdtold12。havingbeenillinbedfornearlyamonth，hehadahardtimetheexam。apassbtopasscpasseddpassing13。ifyouareplanningtospendyourmoneyhavingfunthisweek，betterityou’vegotsomebigbillscoming。a。forgetb。forgotc。forgettingd。toforget14。helenhadtoshoutabovethesoundofthemusic。a。makingherselfhearb。tomakeherselfhearc。makingherselfheardd。tomakeherselfheard15。youweresillynotyourcar。a。tolockb。tohavelockedc。lockingd。havinglocked16。idon’tknowwhetheryouhappen，buti’mgoingtostudyintheu。s。a。thisseptember。atobeheardbtobehearingctoheardtohaveheard17。accordingtoarecentu。s。survey，childrenspentupto25hoursaweektv。a。towatchb。towatchingc。watchingd。watch18。thefluisbelievedbyvirusesthatliketoreproduceinthecellsinsidethehumannoseandthroat。a。causingb。beingcausedc。tobecausedd。behavecaused19。imgoingtothesupermarketthisafternoon。doyouhaveanything？a。tobebuyingb。tobuyc。forbuyingd。bought20。victorapologizedfortoinformmeofthechangeintheplan。a。hisbeingnotableb。himnottobeablec。hisnotbeingabled。himtobenotable21。it’snecessarytobepreparedforajobinterview。theanswersreadywillbeofgreathelp。a。tohavehadb。havinghadc。haved。having22。heglancedoverather，thatthoughshewastiny，sheseemedverywellputtogether。a。notingb。notedc。tonoted。havingnoted23。isendyou100dollarstoday，therestinayear。a。followsb。followedc。tofollowd。beingfollowed24。isbobstillperforming？imafraidnot。heissaidthestagealreadyashehasbecomeanofficiala。tohaveleftb。toleavec。tohavebeenleftd。tobeleft25。ithinkyou’llgrowhimwhenyouknowhimbetter。alikingbtobelikectolikedtobeliking26。whilewatchingtelevision，。athedoorbellrangbthedoorbellringscweheardthedoorbellringdweheardthedoorbellrings27。itwasunbelievablethatthefanswaitedoutsidethegymforthreehoursjustalookatthesportsstars。a。hadb。havingc。tohaved。have28。moreaboutuniversitycourses，call（920）7463789。atofindoutbfindingoutcfindoutdhavingfoundout29。idontwantlikeimspeakingillofanybody，butthemanager’splanisunfair。a。tosoundb。tobesoundedc。soundingd。tohavesounded30。soontheysawtheboyinthecrowd。a。disappearb。todisappearc。disappearsd。disappeared31。didyounoticethelittleboyaway？a。tookthecandyandrunb。takethecandyandrunc。takingthecandyandrund。whotakingthecandyrunning32。iheardhimso。a。saysb。sayingc。sayd。said33。professorblackhaduscompositionseveryfriday。a。towriteb。writtenc。writed。writing34。mrssmithmadeherpupilsthetextthreetimesaweek。a。reciteb。recitedc。recitingd。torecite35。shewasseenmodelshipsintheroom。a。madeb。tomakec。makesd。make36。birdsareseldomheardatnight。a。singb。singingc。tosingd。tobesinging37。theareoplanewasnoticedatsix。a。takeoffb。totakeoffc。getoffd。togetoff38。mrcrossettwasmakehisteachingbecauseofhispoorhealthandoldage。a。giveupb。giveinc。togiveupd。togivein39。thebookissaidintomanyforeignlanguages。a。tohavebeentranslatedb。tohavetranslatedc。tobetranslatingd。havingbeentranslated40。themarquiswasthoughtsometerriblewrongstohistenants。a。ofdoingb。thathehaddonec。tohavedoned。tohavebeendone41。doyouthinkitdifficultahorse？a。totrain，jumpingb。training，forjumpingc。totrain，jumpd。totrain，tojump42。mycarhasbrokendown。wouldyouhelpme？a。togetthecartostartb。getthecarstartc。togetthecarstartedd。gettostartthecar43。heorderedtheroom。a。tosweepb。tobesweptc。shouldsweepd。swept44。telltomandjackeachother。a。notquarrelb。nottoquarrelwithc。tonotquarrelwithd。theynotquarrel45。hewouldlikethemeveryday。a。topracticeb。topractisec。practicingd。practicing46。areyougoingtoleavingnow？unlessyouwouldprefermehere。a。tostayb。willstayc。thati’llstayd。staying47。whatapity！onecannothelpsorryfortheinjured。a。tofeelb。oneselftofeelc。feelingd。oneselffromfeeling48。nothingcouldtheboyfromthetallbuilding。a。prevent，riskingclimbingb。prevent，riskingtoclimbc。stop，riskclimbingd。keep，riskingclimb49。onsundaysipreferathometoout。a。tostay，gob。staying，goc。staying，goingd。tostay，going50。thoughitsoundsabittoodear，itisworth。a。beingboughtb。buyingc。tobuyd。buyingit51。thenoveliswell。a。worthtoreadb。worthbeingreadc。worthytoreadd。worthyofbeingread52。ididn’tfeelgoingoutforawalk。a。sob。asc。ratherd。like53。you’dbetterherthesadnewsnow。a。nottotellb。won’ttellc。nottelld。don’ttell54。i’dratherlosethegame。a。nottohurthimb。nothurthimc。thantohurthimd。thanhurthim55。alicesaystonight，becausetherewillbeanexamtomorrowmorning。a。she’drathernotgob。she’dnotrathergoc。she’llrathernotgod。shewon’trathergo56。tomdidnothingbutbackwhathehadsaid。a。takenb。tookc。takingd。take57。thereseemednothingelsetodobutadoctor。a。tosendforb。sendforc。callford。tocallin58。iusuallygotherebytrain。whynotbyboatforachange？a。totrygoingb。tryingtogoc。totryandgod。trygoing59。haveianychoicebutasyoutellme？a。todob。doc。doingd。i’lldo60。wouldyouliketogowithusforapicnictomorrow？yes，。a。iwouldlikeb。i’dliketogoc。i’dloved。i’dliketo答案：130bababcbddcbdadbdccbcdacacccaaa3160bccabcbcacdcbbbacacbddcdadbdad