中国人民银行开展4000亿元中期借贷便利(MLF)操作,20亿元7天公开市场逆回购操作,中标利率均下降10个基点,分别是2。75和2。本次央行降息超出市场预期。央行发布二季度货币政策执行报告,强化了对不搞大水漫灌的关注。市场预期流动性仍将保持宽松。央行在当前时点降息10个基点,笔者理解主要有以下三个原因。 AclerkcountscashatabankinHaian,EastChinasJiangsuprovince,inJuly。〔PhotoSipa〕 ThePeoplesBankofChina,thecountryscentralbank,recentlyloweredtherateon400billionyuan(58。89billion)ofoneyearmediumtermlendingfacilityloanstosomefinancialinstitutionsby10basispointsto2。75percent。Italsoconducted2billionyuanofsevendayreverserepooperationsataninterestrateof2percent,downfrom2。1percent。 中国人民银行开展4000亿元中期借贷便利(MLF)操作,20亿元7天公开市场逆回购操作,中标利率均下降10个基点,分别是2。75和2。 Itwasanunexpectedcutininterestrates。InChinassecondquartermonetarypolicyreport,thePBOCstrengtheneditsfocusonrefrainingfromadoptingadelugeofstrongstimuluspolicies。Themarketexpectsliquiditytoremainample。Asforthe10bpsinterestratecutsbythecentralbank,weunderstandtheywerecarriedoutmainlyforthefollowingthreereasons。 本次央行降息超出市场预期。央行发布二季度货币政策执行报告,强化了对不搞大水漫灌的关注。市场预期流动性仍将保持宽松。央行在当前时点降息10个基点,笔者理解主要有以下三个原因。 First,thereisarisingneedforcuttinginterestratestosupporttherealeconomy。GrowthofsomekeyeconomicdataslowedinJulyfromJune,whichdoesnotaugurwellforastrongeconomicrecoveryinthethirdquarterandpointstoadeepseatedlackofgrowthmomentum。Ontheonehand,demanddeclinedowingtounsolvedrealestateproblems。AndgiventheincreasedriskofrecessioninEuropeandtheUnitedStates,theswordofDamoclesisstillhangingabovetheslowingexportgrowthrate,despiteexportsshorttermresilience。 一是,降息支持实体经济的必要性提升。7月经济增长数据普遍较6月回落,三季度以来并未展现出经济强劲复苏的面貌,折射出深层次动力不足的问题。一方面是需求收缩,房地产问题仍待解决。出口短期虽有韧性,但考虑到欧美经济衰退的风险在加大,出口增速下行的达摩克利斯之剑仍悬。 Ontheotherhand,overallmarketexpectationsareweak。DuringthethreeyearCOVID19pandemic,somehavebeensufferingdeterioratingbalancesheets,hamperingconsumptionrecovery。Meanwhile,enterprisesstillfaceproblemslikedisruptionstoproductionandlogisticsaswellasinsufficientdemand,andenterprisesdonothaveastrongwillingnesstousetaxcreditrefundstorecycleintoexpandinginvestment。 另一方面是预期偏弱。疫情持续时间已近三年,部分居民资产负债表趋向恶化,消费复苏阻碍重重;企业生产物流受阻、需求不足问题延续,留抵退税转化为投资扩张的意愿偏弱。 Second,creditandsocialfinancingdeclinedinJuly。Limitedimprovementsinbusinessandconsumerconfidencefailedtoboostdemandforloanstotherealeconomy。Sofarthisyear,socialfinancingdatahavefluctuatedgreatly。Asaresult,itisstillnecessarytofurtherreduceinterestratestostimulateloandemand。 二是,7月份信贷和社会融资规模回落。居民和企业信心改善有限,使得实体经济贷款需求疲弱。今年以来,社融数据一波三折。因此,仍有必要进一步降息刺激贷款需求。 Third,inflationandexchangeratesreducedtheirroleofactingasconstraints,anditistimeforamorediscretionarymonetarypolicy。Intermsofinternalinflation,growthratesoftheconsumerpriceindexandtheproducerpriceindexforJulywerebothlowerthanmarketexpectations,andthegrowthincoreCPIalsoslowedinJuly。Meanwhile,theproportionofporkpricesintheCPIslippedfrom2。3percentinearly2021to1。3percentinJuly2022basedontheLaspeyresPriceIndex。Therefore,subsequentinflationlevelsduetorisingporkpricesmaybelessdrasticthanpreviouslythought。 三是,通胀与汇率两大约束暂有缓解,货币政策相机抉择的时间窗口打开。就内部通胀而言,7月消费者价格指数(CPI)和生产者价格指数(PPI)同比增速双双低于市场预期,核心CPI增速也有下行。同时,因拉氏指数的核算方法,猪肉占CPI的权重已自2021年初的2。3下滑至2022年7月的1。3,这意味着后续猪通胀的压力可能不及市场的悲观预期。 Asforexternalconstraints,thelatestUSJulyconsumerinflationdatacameinweakerthanforecast,indicatingapeakinoverseasinflation。ThemarketaltereditsexpectationsfortheUSFederalReservetoraiseinterestratesinSeptember。TheUSdollarindexfell,andtherenminbiexchangeraterosesteadily。 就外部约束而言,最新公布的美国7月物价数据低于市场预期,海外通胀出现更多见顶迹象,市场对美联储9月加息的预期降温,美元指数有所回落,人民币汇率稳中有升。 Internationalcapitalflowsareexpectedtoachievemarginalimprovementsduetodomesticeconomicrecoveryandlowerexpectationsforoverseascentralbankstohikerates。Therefore,wemayinterprettheexchangeratetobeadheringtobottomlinethinking,aswritteninChinassecondquartermonetarypolicyreport,whichbetterallowsfortwowayfluctuationsintheexchangerateandletstheexchangerateplayitsroleasaninternalandexternalbalanceregulatorunderthenewsituationofanimprovedexternalenvironmentandinternationalcapitalflows。 在国内经济复苏、海外央行加息预期缓和的背景下,国际资本流动形势有望迎来边际改善。二季度货币政策执行报告强调汇率坚持底线思维,或意味着外部环境和国际资本流动形势缓和下,可适当加大对汇率双向波动的容忍度,发挥其内外平衡调节器的作用。 LiquidityhascontinuedtoeasethisyearsinceearlyApril,andtheratecutssentapositivepolicysignal。Ontheonehand,thesevendayreversereporateaveragedonly1。56percentinJulyanddroppedto1。34percentsincethebeginningofAugust,farbelowthepolicyrateof2。1percent。 今年4月初以来,货币流动性不断走向宽松,本次政策利率下调释放出积极的政策信号。一方面,7天回购利率7月均值仅1。56,8月以来更低至1。34,远低于政策利率的2。1。 Ontheotherhand,thecostofbankliabilitiesfellquickly。Accordingtoanewsconferenceonfinancialstatisticsinthefirsthalf,theinterestrateonnewlyabsorbedtimedepositswas2。5percentinJune,16bpslowerthanthatofthesameperiodlastyear。Inaddition,thecostofinterbankliabilitiesfellsharplyjustasthemoneymarketinterestratedid,andthespreadbetweentheissuanceinterestrateofoneyearinterbankcertificatesofdepositandMLFloansexpanded,whichaveraged27bpsinthefirstquarterandexpandedto60bpsinJulyand81bpssincethebeginningofAugust。 另一方面,银行负债成本较快下行。上半年金融统计数据新闻发布会表示,6月份新吸收定期存款利率为2。5,比上年同期低16个基点。同业负债成本也跟随货币市场利率较快下行,存单利率与MLF之间的点差扩大:MLF股份制银行一年期同业存单发行利率的差值,一季度的均值为27个基点,7月扩大至60个基点,8月以来更扩大至81个基点。 ThemainreasonsforthecontractionofMLFloansarethatbankshaveinsufficientdemandforhighcostMLFfundsandthepergencebetweenpolicyratesandmarketratesishuge,reducingtheleadingeffectofMLFpolicyratesonthecostofbankliabilities,sothereisagreatneedforconvergencebetweenpolicyratesandmarketrates。 而本次MLF价降量缩的原因主要在于,银行对于成本偏高的MLF资金需求不足;因政策利率与市场利率的背离已较为严重,MLF政策利率对银行负债成本的指引作用有所下滑,政策利率与市场利率的收敛存在必要性。 Inordertoemploymonetarypolicytosupporttherealeconomy,itisurgenttomaintainthestabilityoftotalcredit。Againstthebackdropofadvanceissuanceofgovernmentbonds,weneedtopaymoreattentiontothegrowthrateofaggregatefinancingtotherealeconomy,excludinggovernmentbonds。 货币政策要支持实体经济,亟需解决稳信用的持续性问题。在政府债发行前置,更需关注剔除政府债后的社融存量增速。 Weexpecttoseesomemonetarypolicytoolsinthesecondhalf。Thiswillincreasemediumandlongtermlending。Inthefieldsoftechnologicalinnovationandgreendevelopment,iffundingisnotasexpected,itcanbeoptimizedbyimprovingfinancialsupportinrelendingorextendingthescopeoffundingapplications。Inthefieldoftraditionalinfrastructure,policyrelatedanddevelopmentalfinancialinstrumentsarecombinedwithan800billionyuanincreaseinpolicybankslendingquotastofundinfrastructureprojects,thusleveraginginfrastructurefinancing。下半年还可期待的货币政策工具包括:加大中长期贷款的投放力度。在科技创新和绿色领域,如资金投放不及预期,可从提升再贷款资金支持比例、推广适用领域等方面优化拓展空间;在传统基建领域方面,政策性、开发性金融工具,政策性银行新增的8000亿元贷款额度相互配合,着眼于撬动配套的基建融资。 Also,thereisaneedtofullymeetthecreditneedsofmicroandsmallbusinesses,realestateandenterprisesaffectedbytheCOVID19pandemic。ItisadvisablethatthePBOCconsidersloweringrelendingratesfortheagriculturesectorandsmallbusinessesoncemoreby10to25bps。 此外,充分满足普惠小微领域、房地产领域、及疫情受损行业企业的信贷需求。可考虑进一步下调支农支小再贷款利率10至25个基点。 Inaddition,thereisaneedtostimulatedemandforlendingbyimprovingthemarketreformmechanismfordepositratesandfurtherloweringdepositrates,sotheoverfiveyearloanprimeratemaybereducednotably。Meanwhile,thePBOCcouldcutthereserverequirementratioby0。25to0。5percentagepointwhennecessary,whichwouldleadtoareductioninLPRby5bps。 通过完善存款利率市场化改革机制、进一步压降存款利率,刺激贷款需求,或可带动5年期贷款基础利率(LPR)更大幅度下行。同时,还可适时降准0。25至0。5个百分点以推动LPR再下行5个基点。 Whatneedstobeemphasizedisthataccordingtocurrentcutsinpolicyinterestratesandlendingrates,monetarypolicyisextendingmoresupporttotherealeconomy,whichiscomparabletotheperiodwhentheCOVID19pandemicbrokeoutin2020。However,thecurrenteconomicrecoveryisclearlyweakerthanatthattime,somonetarypolicyeasingwillcontinue。 需要强调的是,以当前政策利率、贷款利率的调降幅度看,货币政策对实体经济的支持力度不亚于2020年新冠疫情后,但当前经济复苏的力度较当时要逊色,因此货币政策宽松的态势应会延续。 ThewritersareZhongZhengsheng,chiefeconomistatPingAnSecuritiesCoLtdanddirectoroftheChinaChiefEconomistForum,andZhangLuandChangYixin,analystsatPingAnSecurities。 作者:钟正生张璐常艺馨(钟正生为平安证券首席经济学家、中国首席经济学家论坛理事) 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